除了“吃”,嗅觉在其他方面也扮演着重要的角色。
我们的鼻子可以分析气味分子的亚结构特征,追踪呼吸间化学环境的改变5;并通过比对鼻腔两侧吸入的气味分子的异同,计算气味源的方位,指引我们的空间导航6,7。
气味还调节着我们的情绪状态8,9,甜美的香草令心情舒缓,清新的柠檬则使精神焕发。
每个人都有自己的气味指纹,依靠鼻子,我们可以嗅出性别,识别自己和朋友的气味10,还能凭借气味找到“气味相投”的朋友11或是伴侣12-14。
此外,嗅觉还与寿命相关,相较嗅觉正常的个体,存在嗅觉损伤的个体其全因死亡风险高出52%4。
也许有人会说,我们的嗅觉采样受限于缓慢的呼吸节律,这就是迟钝的证明呀!的确,每一次吸气通常耗时1到3秒,吸气和吸气之间又不是连续的,而是被呼气间隔,这让人们觉得似乎需要几秒的“品味”,才能间断地闻到气味。但是,这也许是个错觉。
此前,受实验手段的限制,对人类嗅觉时间敏感性的测量十分困难,结果也不乐观15。然而,在啮齿动物上进行的电生理记录和光遗传操作却显示嗅球僧帽细胞的活动和吸气的起始锁相,且有着极佳的时间分辨率。一方面,特定气味分子会引起僧帽细胞在吸气特定相位的放电,这使得时间本身就可以标识气味分子,另一方面,气味到达两侧鼻腔的时间差也被动物利用来计算气味源的空间方位16,17。
那么,我们的鼻子到底对气味分子的动态变化敏感吗?周雯研究员及团队设计了一个吸气同步的嗅觉仪,探究了这个问题。
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